What Is HPAI and How Do I Keep My Backyard Birds Safe?

What Is Avian Influenza?

Avian influenza (AI), often called bird flu, is caused by avian influenza A viruses. These viruses affect birds, and some forms can cause severe disease.There are two types:

LPAI – Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza, which typically causes mild or even unnoticed illness
HPAI – Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, a deadly and fast-spreading form that can wipe out flocks quickly

Because avian influenza viruses can mutate rapidly, any suspected infection must be reported to NCDA&CS. The virus spreads in multiple ways, including through contaminated air particles, feces, water sources, and on human clothing, boots, and equipment.

Why HPAI Is a Serious Concern

HPAI affects many types of poultry, including chickens and turkeys. Once introduced, it spreads rapidly and can result in high mortality in a very short time. Quick reporting and biosecurity are critical to prevent further spread in North Carolina and beyond.

Warning Signs to Watch For

Contact authorities immediately if your birds show:

Reduced energy or appetite
Drop in egg production or misshapen/soft eggs
Swelling of the head, eyelids, comb, or wattles
Purple or dark discoloration of comb or legs
Difficulty breathing, runny nose, or sneezing
Twisting of the head and neck, stumbling, or tremors
Greenish diarrhea
Sudden unexplained deaths

If you see symptoms, do not delay — report it.

Who to Report To

Local veterinarian
NC State Veterinary Office: 919-707-3250
NC Diagnostic Lab Branches: Raleigh: 919-733-3986 Elkin: 336-526-2499 Monroe: 704-289-6448 Arden/Fletcher: 828-684-8188
USDA: 866-536-7593

A state or federal animal health official will follow up to gather information and help determine next steps.

How to Protect Your Backyard Flock

The best defense is strong biosecurity — everyday practices that reduce disease risk.

Immediate Steps

Limit visitors to your flock
If your coop or run has an open or screened top, cover it with metal or plastic roofing to block wild bird droppings
Remove wild bird feeders, or keep them as far away from your poultry as possible
If your birds need to be more confined than usual, provide enrichment (hanging vegetables, dust baths, perches) to prevent feather pecking and stress

Additional Recommended Biosecurity Practices

Keep poultry (chickens, guineas, quail, turkeys) separate from ducks and other waterfowl
Eliminate standing water; don’t let birds access ponds or streams visited by wild birds
Feed and water your flock in a covered area
Use boot covers or clean footwear when entering the pen
Clean and disinfect feeders, waterers, and equipment regularly
Avoid sharing tools or supplies with other bird owners; if you must share, disinfect first
When bringing in new birds, quarantine them for at least 3 weeks
Monitor your flock daily for signs of illness

Final Takeaway

HPAI is present and active in North Carolina right now. The best thing backyard flock owners can do is remain vigilant, practice good biosecurity, and immediately report suspicious illness or sudden death.

Visit this NC State Poultry Extension Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Educational Resources for more information!